Challenges Facing The Sporting Goods Stores - 1407 Words

Introduction â€Å"Over the past five years, the sporting goods stores industry has fared well due to strong demand for sporting goods from more health-conscious individuals. Due to such high demand, Fit-Fem plans to enter the industry by providing a variety of female athletic apparel, athletic footwear, and sporting equipment along with an in-store professional trainer. The main center will be located in Orlando, Florida due to its vast economic growth and increasing demand of healthy lifestyles. In 2013, Orlando was categorized as the second highest fittest city in Florida and it was nationally â€Å"ranked No.34.† Form of Ownership Fit-Fem retail store will be a limited liability company. This form of ownership would be the most preferable selection due to its limited liability in a case of a lawsuit. In an event of a lawsuit, any personal property cannot be liquidated for any final settlements. In addition, it also has an important advantage in protecting personal assets. As stated in an article, â€Å"All your business losses, profits, expenses flow through the company to the individual members. You avoid the double taxation of paying corporate tax and individual tax.† Supply and Demand Fit-Fem will provide the desired products for customers with a regulation on its prices through competition-based pricing strategy. This involves â€Å"setting prices based on competitors’ strategies, costs, prices, and market offerings.† Consumers primarily use their judgments of a product’s value onShow MoreRelatedJ. Penney Corporation Inc.970 Words   |  4 PagesCompany Overview: J. C. Penney Corporation, Inc, also known as JCPenney, is a chain of American department stores specializing in selling affordable clothing, shoes, accessories, and home decor for the entire family. For more than a century, JCPenney has been a regular shopping destination and a dependable retailer for the American family. 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The Function of Teams at Whole Foods Applying the Team...

The function of teams at Whole Foods: Applying the team performance assessment instrument Introduction One of the most successful companies of recent memory is Whole Foods, the all-organic grocery store that caters to customers who are concerned about the sourcing of their foods. A cornerstone of Whole Foods success is its use of team leadership to enable the organization to fulfill its functions and mission. This paper will evaluate how Whole Foods uses teams to advance its interests and create a positive corporate culture. Functional structure Whole Foods designs its teams to serve the goals of the organization. At Whole Foods, the team, not the hierarchy, is the defining unit of activity. Each of the 43 stores is an autonomous profit center composed of an average of 10 self-managed teams produce, grocery, prepared foods, and so on with designated leaders and clear performance targets. 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The importance of the Baghdad School of Sufism Free Essays

string(91) " in order to grow closer to God was important and cemented the path forward for adherents\." Abstract The Baghdad School of Sufism has been argued to have had many important contributions to religion and the world. This study will examine the philosophy with the goal of determining the reach of Baghdadi Sufism and the influence that it has had on the world today. The evidence presented in the study confirms the argument that the tradition is well rooted throughout the religious establishment and has been a defining factor in modern international culture. We will write a custom essay sample on The importance of the Baghdad School of Sufism or any similar topic only for you Order Now This study will be of value to anyone studying the evolution of the Sufi tradition and the influence it has had. The importance of the Baghdad School of Sufism The Baghdad School of Sufism has had a profound impact across the entirety of the world of Islam from its inception to the modern day[1]. The â€Å"Sufiyya†, or Sufis, were forged out of a convergence of differing religious ideals that coalesced into a distinct movement within Baghdad during the second half of the third/ninth century[2]. The critical nature of this evolution of Islam was to give rise to a form of worship that devoted attention to attaining experiential knowledge of God, profound examination of the concept of a spiritual path, as well as the elevated nature of the friends of God[3]. The Sufi school of thought was built on the foundation of emerging trends taking root in the evolving cultural centre of Baghdad[4]. Brought about as a cultural means of bringing together disparate pieces of worship, Baghdadi Sufism serves to form a vital and valuable link to God for many around the world. This study will examine what importance the Baghdad School of Sufism has had on the world. Beginning with an overview that illustrates the definition of the Baghdadi Sufism tradition alongside a portion of the rich history that has given this tradition form, this essay will build an infrastructure upon which to develop theory. Following this section by identifying key leaders and teachers within the tradition will serve to demonstrate the nature of the philosophy and its attraction. A combination of the first sections will provide evidence that illuminates the fundamental value and importance that many have come to associate with the Baghdad School of Sufism. Baghdadi Sufism â€Å"Sufism is a reality without a form†[5]—Ibn al-Jala Baghdadi Sufism is argued to have taken shape as a social movement directly challenging the existent interpretive justification of the exoterically minded traditionalists[6]. The city of Baghdad was perceived as a centre of culture during this period of Sufi evolution which adds to the value of the emerging concepts capacity to reach most of the classical world. The rise of the city of Baghdad provided a fertile crossroads for mysticism and religion to come together in classic society[7]. Known as the â€Å"the lords of declaring God one†, there have long been debates regarding the veracity of the Baghdadi Sufi claim to a distinct school[8]. Others hold that the Sufi tradition is deeply unique and separate from all others[9]. The distinction between the Baghdadi Sufi and other classical traditions were evident during this period with some equating the early Sufi’s traditions with a moral laxity and private exploration[10]. Teachers among the early Sufi travelled in every direction with the intent to teach the emerging style of piety, which in turn was a fundamental shift away from existent practice[11]. In every respect, the nature of the Baghdadi Sufi stood ready to change the tradition and instil a growing sense of companionship with God. Ma’ruf al-Karkhi is argued to be present at the inception of the Bagdad School of Sufism[12]. This legendary social figure was born of a Christian background in the karkh quarter of Bagdad. Through his teachings, he brought the element of Kufan ascetic piety to the Sufi tradition[13]. Incorporating the elements of mysticism and Islamic asceticism served to offer insights into the nature of God. Others argued that his combination was adverse to the traditional paths to worship[14]. This element of teaching was of a critical nature as it was a counter point to the ecstatic and uncontrollable religious immersion of the era[15]. Conversly, opposition to this used these very elements to prove that the sect was mistaken[16] Islam is built upon the concept of social religion that compels a believer to take an active role in the family or community as defined by the Qur’an and hadij[17]. This fostered a very important sense of duty and respect for culture and society which in turn was a critical component of the teachings of the Baghdadi Sufism traditions. Bishr al Hafi, the barefooted, served as an important example to the worshipers during the formation of the Baghdadi Sufism[18]. He led the masses to a life of scrupulous expression of religious piety, whereby they grew closer to God. Succinctly, al-Hafi incorporated the simplicity of his worship in these words illustrating his devotion, â€Å"Nothing is left to me of the pleasures of this world but lying down on my side under the heavens in the Dome of the Rock.†[19] This unswerving devotion to God, served to build a following that would develop into Sufism. Leaders and Teachers of Baghdadi Sufism â€Å"If intellect were a man, it would have the form of Junayd†[20].One of the fundamental teachers of the Baghdadi Tradition has been heralded with finding a means to transform the nature of Islam away from excess into a more ‘sober’ form. Junayd is argued to have refined the very art of speaking in isharat, an allusion to the truth that became a fundamental characteristic Sufi writing[21]. The importance of this concept is fundamental as Junayd utilized his connection with God to consistently purify the mind and body in order to be closer to the divine[22]: â€Å"We did not take Sufism from talk and words, but from hunger and renunciation of the world and cutting off the things to which we were accustomed and which we found agreeable†[23].This concept of divesting the individual in order to grow closer to God was important and cemented the path forward for adherents. You read "The importance of the Baghdad School of Sufism" in category "Essay examples" In this tradition, Junayd was able to divide the Sufi tradition into recognizable elements including the renunciation, the devotion and remembrance of God, sincerity and contemplation[24]. This establishment of tradition was vital during an era that had an influx of mysticism and religious devotions. Further, this division led to the formation of understandable steps to finding God[25]. This attainment of spirituality or ‘fana’, or the passing away of self-consciousness taught a believer how to find the wisdom of God in order to live a better life[26]. This approach was a clear distinction from other forms of worship taught by Junayd that related to the logical expression of mysticism thereby forming the ‘sober’ attribution[27]. The creation of a ‘sober’ Sufism was an important concept in that it sought to rein in those that absorbed themselves in the worship of God to the exclusion of all else[28]. In this form of Sufism it was vital that the adherent allow God to return them to their body in order to retain their footing in the world. This was a very transformative teaching as Junayd asserted that as a person approaches God, they must become separate from their ego or self-consciousness in order to escape the imprisonment or the diminishment of progress[29]. Further, this was a concept that suggested a return to a higher state of spiritual being as in the Day of the Covenant. Junayds teaching demonstrated that the Baghdadi Sufi tradition was a light in the darkness, describing their vital role as: â€Å"God has made them unfurled flags of truth, lighthouses erected for guidance, beaten path for humanity. These are indeed the scholars among the Muslims, the truly trusting among the faithful, the noblest of those who are pious†[30] This set the Sufi apart from the typical adherent in that it allowed them to teach that their approach was mirrored in the eyes of God. Further, these teachers were given important positions in the culture following the teachings of Junayd: â€Å"They are those who guide in the crises of religion and theirs is the light which leads in the darkness of ignorance†¦.God has made them the symbol of His mercy for His creatures, and a blessing of whom He chooses. They are the instruments whereby he instructs the ignorant, reminds the negligent, guides the seeker aright.†[31] This is a concept that divided the tradition as Junayd taught that this state of spirituality could be attained and still provide for God in a person’s everyday life, or the state of baqa[32]. It was this critical formation of fana/baqa that enabled society to understand the devotion necessary to attain spiritual remedies, yet remain effective in the culture. This approach further elevated the Sufi in the eyes of their fellows, making this an important allocation of authority[33]. This Sufi concept as taught by Junayd illustrated the perception that â€Å"Only the extinction of the ego in the divine Oneness could satisfy both the necessity of initiation and religious orthodoxy†[34]. Sufism strives to reach the ideal balance that Junayd taught could be attained between esoterism and exoterism in the expression of Islam. This method early on taught the very important concept that reverberates in the modern era: ‘There is no god but God’[35]. In the Baghdadi tradition, humans are viewed as God-servants, which in turn grant them opportunity for audience on the Day of the Covenant[36]. This illustration of value in the tradition is vital to provide incentive for the believers to work for the promised intimate closeness that is to arrive upon the Day of the Covenant[37]. A far reaching implication of the adherence to the Baghdadi doctrines rests in the cultural adjustment that accompanies the spiritual journey. The piety measures instilled in the sober approach are attained through the domestication of the lower self, through deprivation and reduction, which in many cases means seclusion and poverty[38]. This was broadly appealing to those outside the Sufi circles as well. Upon Sufism becoming a recognized tradition these same principles attracted a substantial number of Jews interested in Conversion[39]. Judaism is credited with having a large influence during the early years of Sufi emergence enhancing the ease of inco rporated elements of each tradition, which in turn added depth and attraction for potential followers. This formation of tradition based on Baghdadi Sufism resulted in an important cultural result including the formation of Sufi communities[40]. Utilizing the core teaching of the Baghdadi Sufi tradition enabled a thriving community to grow, which in turn elevated the leaders into positions of societal power. Alongside the expansion of reach and power of the Sufi tradition rests the leaders, or Shayks ascension into the leadership opportunities[41]. This is a direct result of the religious expression of value within the Sufi society that has allowed the society to take a greater control in the governing of their world. The Baghdadi Sufism tradition As the Baghdadi Sufi tradition gained ground there was a very real expansion of the philosophical conception that served to influence generations of worshipers[42]. The Sufi tradition began to spread across Western Iran into Arabia and beyond. This in itself signalled a growing integration that has led to modern issues. Many equate the Sufi movement with a branch of the Sunni Islam, which is a division of wider cultural identifications[43]. This modern cultural division has arisen in part due to the separate interpretations of the means to attain spirituality. The modern world of Sufi has a clear delineation for those that rest outside of their philosophy[44]. Yet, this value of tradition among the Baghdadi Sufi culture has the potential to lead to tremendous examples of piety[45]. Over time the Sufi communities that have sprung up due to the teaching of Baghdadi Sufism tradition, have become a brotherhood that profess specific forms of worship[46]. This practice continues the teaching of the Sufi and enables interpretation of the traditions. In every facet of life the modern impact of the Baghdadi Sufi tradition influences adherent’s day to day existence in a dramatic fashion[47]. Conclusion Junayd described the Baghdadi Sufi tradition as: â€Å"†¦noble qualities made manifest by the Noble One (Al-Karim) at a noble time through a noble man from among a group of noble men†[48]. This philosophy served to provide the mystical essence of Islam a place to take form. Serving the vital purpose of welding the diverse cultures and beliefs together into an understandable concept, the very inception of the Baghdadi Sufi tradition was a very important religious evolution. The subsequent adherence to the ‘sober’ Sufi led to a piety movement that has transformed a culture, shaping the very means by which believers live their daily lives. Lessons espoused by the Baghdadi Sufi’s, including the need to step away from the self in order to find God have found their way into people’s lives across the world. Further, the concept that it is possible to both find God and still walk in the world enable the Sufi culture to thrive in a very complicated religious environment. The influence of the Baghdad School of Sufism has managed to touch even those that are unaware of it as followers continue to live their life as an example of what it means to be truly spiritual. In the end, the Baghdadi Sufism expression of reverence has not only been fundamentally important to the evolution of modern religion it has incorporated many elements that are continually echoed around the modern world. Bibliography Abun-Nasr, J. 2007. Muslim communities of grace. New York: Columbia University Press. Chiabotti, F. 1970. A Soaring Minaret. Abu Bakr al-Wasiti and the Rise of Baghdadi Sufism (Albany, 2010). Bulletin d’’etudes orientales. Ephrat, D. 2008. Spiritual wayfarers, leaders in piety. Cambridge, Mass.: Distributed for the Center for Middle Eastern Studies of Harvard University by Harvard University Press. Frank, D. and Leaman, O. 1996. Routledge history of world philosophies. London [etc.]: Routledge. Geoffroy, E. and Gaetani, R. 2010. Introduction to Sufism. Bloomington, Ind.: World Wisdom. Karamustafa, A. 2007. Sufism. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Knysh, A. 2000. Islamic mysticism. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill. P. 1-200 Landolt, H. and Lawson, T. 2005. Reason and inspiration in Islam. London: I.B. Tauris. Melchert, C. 2001. The hanabila and the Early Sufis. Arabica, 3 (1), pp. 352-367. Melchert, C. 2005. Ba?ran Origins of Classical Sufism. Der Islam, 82 (2), pp. 221–240. Melchert, C. 2001. Sufis and competing movements in Nishapur. Iran, 39 pp. 237–247. Neale, H. 2007. Sufism, godliness and popular Islamic storytelling in Fari?d al-Di?n ?At?t?a?r’s Tad?kiratu-l- ?awliya. Renard, J. 2009. Tales of God’s friends. Berkeley: University of California Press. Schimmel, A. 1975. Mystical dimensions of Islam. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Sells, M. 1996. Early Islamic Mysticism: Sufi, Koran, Mi’raj, Poetic and Theological Writings. Mahway, New Jersey. Pauliast Press. Silvers, L. 2013. A soaring Minaret: Abu Bakr al-Wasiti and the Rise of the Baghdadi Sufism. Wong, E. 2005. Sufis Under Attack as Sunni Rifts Widen. NYTimes, 1 (2), pp. 1-3. [Accessed: 2 Dec 2013]. Wright, J. 1995. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. Cambridge Univ Press. [1] Karamustafa, A. 2007. Sufism. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 20 [2] Ibid p. 20 [3] Ibid p. 20 [4] Knysh, A. 2000. Islamic mysticism. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill. p.48 [5] Geoffroy, E. and Gaetani, R. 2010. Introduction to Sufism. Bloomington, Ind.: World Wisdom. p. 1 [6] Silvers, L. 2013. A soaring Minaret: Abu Bakr al-Wasiti and the Rise of the Baghdadi Sufism p. 3. [7] Ibid. p. 3 [8] Ibid, p. 26 [9] Geoffroy et al p. 2 [10]Melchert, C. 2001. The hanabila and the Early Sufis. Arabica, 3 (1), p. 352. [11] Karamustafa, A. 2007 p. 30 [12] Frank, D. and Leaman, O. 1996. Routledge history of world philosophies. London [etc.]: Routledge. [13] Ibid p. 49 [14] Schimmel A. 1975. Mysitical Dimensions of Islam. Chapel Hill: University fo North Carolina Press. P. 57 [15] Ibid. p. 58 [16] Neale, H. 2007. Sufism, godliness and popular Islamic storytelling in Fari?d al-Di?n ?At?t?a?r’s Tad?kiratu-l- ?awliya? [17] ?.Ibid, p. 20 [18] Ephrat, D. 2008. Spiritual wayfarers, leaders in piety. Cambridge, Mass. p. 16 [19] Ibid, p. 18 [20] Schimmel, A. 1975. p. 58 [21] Schimmel, A. 1975 p. 61 [22] Ibid, p. 58 [23] Ibid, p. 59 [24] Sells, M. 1996. Early Islamic Mysticism: Sufi, Koran, Mi’raj, Poetic and Theological Writings. p. 27. [25] Sells M. 1996. p. 28. [26] Karamustafa, A. 2007 p. 2 [27] Ibid p. 28 [28] Geoffroy, E. and Gaetani, R. 2010. Introduction to Sufism. Bloomington, Ind.: World Wisdom. p. 72. [29] Karamustafa, A. 2007 p. 3 [30] Ibid. p. 18 [31] Karamustafa, A. 2007 p. 18 [32] Ibid. p. 72. [33] Ibid p. 72 [34] Ibid. p. 72 [35] Karamustafa, A. 2007. p. 19 [36] Knysh 2000 p. 755 [37] Ibid. 20. [38] Ibid. 21 [39] Knysh 2000 p. 755 [40] Karamustafa 2007 p. 31 [41] Ibid. p. 31 [42] Karamustafa, A. 2007 p. 56 [43] Wong, E. 2005. Sufis Under Attack as Sunni Rifts Widen. NYTimes, 1 (2), pp. 1-3. [Accessed: 2 Dec 2013]. [44] Ibid. p. 2 [45] Ibid. p. 3 [46] Abun-Nasr, J. 2007. Muslim communities of grace. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 1 [47] Ibid. p. 140 [48] Renard, J. 2009. Tales of God’s friends. Berkeley: University of California Press. How to cite The importance of the Baghdad School of Sufism, Essay examples

Variation Orders in Highway Projects in Oman- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theVariation Orders in Highway Projects in Oman. Answer: The type of the variation order can be established by analyzing the cause of their occurrence and their respective effects. Variation orders can be divided in to two types and they are beneficial and the detrimental orders. The issue of the beneficial order is done to ensure improvement in the quality, cost reduction, degree of difficulty and the standard of the project. The balance between the functionality, cost and the durability of the project is obtained by initiating a value analysis (Han, Love and Pea-Mora 2013). This type of variation order is issued to reduce the unnecessary cost involved in the project. Detrimental variation order has a negative impact on the value of the client and project performance. The financial problems of a client can be resolved by using detrimental variation order. Causes of variation orders by client The project is initiated by the client and plays an important part throughout the project. The client is the one who decides on the objective and the respective needs of the project. The quality standard of the project is determined as per the requirement of the client. The variation has to be reduced by the client during the construction and the design of the project. The scope of the project is very important as it helps to identify the clear baseline for the project (Kikwasi 2013). Moreover, there are two types of clients, one who has the knowledge regarding the construction industry and others are the clients who have minimal knowledge regarding the construction industry. These clients are totally dependent on their designer and so it is necessary to identify the exact needs of the client. The clients who do not have any knowledge regarding the industry are the ones who frequently change the variation order are they keep on changing the requirements through the commencement of th e project. Moreover, the changes proposed by these clients will be major, it will result in the degradation in the quality of the project, and at the same time will increase the cost of the project (Mubarak 2015). Causes of variation orders by consultant Architects, specialists, designers, engineers, cost consultants and project managers are the members of the consultant team. The goals and the scope of the project have to be clearly understood by the consultants. The consultants will always feel superior to the contractors, which may result to less focus on the request of the contractor (Mohammad, Ani and Rakmat 2017). When the consultants are unable to understand clearly the needs and requirement of the client, it will result in variation orders, which will be issued in context to the requirement of the clients. The consultants may be unaware of the availability of new products and materials which could act as a replacement and this may lead to a variation order which will be issued to give the project a better method of construction. Causes of variation orders by contractors Contractors are responsible for the issue of the variation order when there are technical issues in the documentation of the project. The information provided is not fully accurate all the time and it may happen that the contractor suggests appropriate method for the better execution of the project (Mohammed, Mohammed and Hassan 2017). Contactors may suggest alternate method, which are suitable for the execution of the project in their field of expertise. Moreover, the contractors may identify various omissions, discrepancies, conflicts and errors in the documentation of the project. The contractors may request an issue of a variation order to resolve the issue by allotting additional cost to the project. Causes of variation order by external factors There are various external factors, which cause the issue of the variation order, and they are change in the government regulation, changes in weather, changes in economic condition and changes in the needs of the local resident. There are instances where the government policies and regulations change which cause the change in the construction design and other factors (Senouci et al. 2016). Variation order has to be issued to make changes to the documentation of the project. There are instances when extreme weather conditions such as rain can hamper the construction and measures have to be taken to reschedule the construction and documentation of the project. The economic scenario may change due to instances such as corruption. When anyone in the project is involved in corruption, variation order will have to be issued so that the documentation has to be changed. The corruption may be in the field of money laundering which will cause the change in the entire cost of the project. The requirement of the client has to be fulfilled and the changes in the documentation have to be done to meet the needs of the client. The management team will have to be changed if anyone is involved in the fraud and will have to be removed immediately as a best interest of the client (Hanif et al. 2016). There are instances where the construction will cause issues for the residents in the neighbouring areas and the management team will have to change their course of action to accommodate the needs of the nearby residents. Impact of variation order The various impact of the variation orders are cost overruns, quality degradation and time overruns. The issue of the variation order will have always have an impact on the cost of the project. The changes will increase the cost associated with overall construction of the project and the costs that are associated with the variation orders are material and time charges, standing time, effect of timing, change of inflation to cash flow and time of management (Oyewobi et al. 2016). There are variation orders, which are issued at different phases of the project, and this will negatively affect both the time of completion and overall cost of the project. The issue of frequent variation orders will degrade the quality of the project as the contractors will try to compensate the extra time and cost incurred by degrading the quality of the project. Reference Han, S., Love, P. and Pea-Mora, F., 2013. A system dynamics model for assessing the impacts of design errors in construction projects.Mathematical and Computer Modelling,57(9), pp.2044-2053. Hanif, H., Khurshid, M.B., Lindhard, S.M. and Aslam, Z., 2016. Impact of Variation Orders on Time and Cost in Mega Hydropower Projects of Pakistan.Journal of Construction in Developing Countries,21(2), p.37. Kikwasi, G., 2013, February. Causes and effects of delays and disruptions in construction projects in Tanzania. InAustralasian Journal of Construction Economics and Building-Conference Series(Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 52-59). Mohammad, N., Ani, A.I.C. and Rakmat, R.A.O., 2017. Causes and effects of variation orders in the construction of terrace housing projects: A case study in the State of Selangor, Malaysia.International Journal of Supply Chain Management,6(1), pp.226-232. Mohammed, E.A.E., Mohammed, S.Y. and Hassan, A.S., 2017. Preliminary Investigation on the Causes of Variation Orders in Building Projects-Studied Cases in the State of Khartoum, Sudan. Mubarak, S.A., 2015.Construction project scheduling and control. John Wiley Sons. Oyewobi, L.O., Oyewobi, L.O., Jimoh, R., Jimoh, R., Ganiyu, B.O., Ganiyu, B.O., Shittu, A.A. and Shittu, A.A., 2016. Analysis of causes and impact of variation order on educational building projects.Journal of Facilities Management,14(2), pp.139-164. Senouci, A., Alsarraj, A., Gunduz, M. and Eldin, N., 2016. Analysis of change orders in Qatari construction projects.International Journal of Construction Management, pp.1-13.

THE N.W.A free essay sample

N. W. A (an abbreviation of Niggaz Wit Attitudes)[1][2][3] was an American hip hop group from Compton, California, widely considered one of the seminal acts of the gangsta rap and west coast hip hop sub-genres, sometimes credited as the most important group in the history of rap music. [4] Active from 1986 to 1991, the rap group endured controversy due to the explicit lyrics that many considered to be disrespectful to women, and glorifying drugs and crime. The group was subsequently banned from many mainstream American radio stations. In spite of this, the group has sold over 10 million units in the United States alone. The original lineup consisted of Arabian Prince, DJ Yella, Dr. Dre, Eazy-E, and Ice Cube. MC Ren joined in 1988, with Arabian Prince leaving the group later that same year. Ice Cube left in December of 1989 over royalty disputes. Several members would later become platinum-selling solo artists in the 1990s. Their debut album Straight Outta Compton marked the beginning of the new gangsta rap era as the production and social commentary in their lyrics were revolutionary within the genre. We will write a custom essay sample on THE N.W.A or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page [3] Rolling Stone ranked N. W. A number 83 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. [5] In October 2012, N. W. A were nominated for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for the first time. [6] In October 2013 the group was nominated for a second time. [7] Formation and Panic Zone (1987–1988)[edit] The group was assembled by Compton-based Eazy-E, who co-founded Ruthless Records with Jerry Heller. Initially, N. W. A consisted of Eazy-E and Dr. Dre, who in turn brought DJ Yella on board. [8] Dre and Yella were both formerly members of the World Class Wreckin Cru, as DJs and producers. Together with fellow producer Arabian Prince, Ice Cube was added to the roster after he had started out as a rapper for the group C. I. A. [9] Ruthless released the single Panic Zone in 1987 with Macola Records, which was later included on the compilation album N. W. A. and the Posse. N. W. A was still in its developing stages, and is only credited on three of the eleven tracks, notably the uncharacteristic record Panic Zone, 8-Ball, Dopeman, which marked the first collaboration of Arabian Prince, DJ Yella, Dr. Dre, and Ice Cube. Mexican rapper Krazy-Dee co-wrote Panic Zone, which was originally called Hispanic Zone, but the title was later changed when Dr. Dre advised Krazy-Dee that the word hispanic would hinder sales. [10] Also included was Eazy-Es solo track Boyz-n-the-Hood. [11] In 1988, rapper MC Ren joined the group. [citation needed] Straight Outta Compton (1988–1989)[edit] N. W. A released their debut studio album, Straight Outta Compton, in 1988. With its famous opening salvo of three tracks, the group reflected the rising anger of the urban youth. The opening song Straight Outta Compton introduced the group, Fuck tha Police protested police brutality and racial profiling, and Gangsta Gangsta painted the worldview of the inner-city youth. While the group was later credited with pioneering the burgeoning sub genre of gangsta rap, N. W. A referred to their music as reality rap. [12] Dr. Dre and DJ Yella, as HighPowered Productions, composed the beats for each song, with Dre making occasional rapping appearances. [13] Ice Cube and MC Ren wrote most of the groups lyrics, including Fuck tha Police, perhaps the groups most notorious song, which brought them into conflict with various law enforcement agencies. Under pressure from Focus on the Family,[14] Milt Ahlerich, an assistant director of the FBI, sent a letter to Ruthless and its distributing company Priority Records, advising the rappers that advocating violence and assault is wrong and we in the law enforcement community take exception to such action. This letter can still be seen at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio. [15] Policemen refused to provide security for the groups concerts, hurting their plans to tour. Nonetheless, the FBIs letter only served to draw more publicity to the group. Straight Outta Compton was also one of the first albums to adhere to the new Parental Advisory label scheme, then still in its early stages: the label at the time consisted of WARNING: Moderate impact coarse language and/or themes only. However, the taboo nature of N. W. As music was the most important factor of its mass appeal. Media coverage compensated for N. W. As lack of airplay and their album eventually went double platinum. [16] One month after Straight Outta Compton, Eazy-Es solo debut Eazy-Duz-It was released. The album was dominated by Eazys persona—MC Ren was the only guest rapper—but behind the scenes it was a group effort. Music was handled by Dr. Dre and DJ Yella; the lyrics were largely written by MC Ren, with contributions from Ice Cube and The D. O. C. The album was another double platinum success for Ruthless[17] (in addition to girl group J. J. Fad in 1988 and singer Michelle in 1989). 1989 saw the re-issue of N. W. A and the Posse and Straight Outta Compton on CD, and the release of The D. O. C. s No One Can Do It Better. His album was essentially a collaboration with Dr. Dre and notably free of gangsta rap content, however including the N. W. A posse cut The Grand Finale. It would become another #1 album for the record label. 100 Miles And Runnin' and Niggaz4Life (1989–1991)[edit] Ice Cube left in December 1989 over royalty disputes;[3] having written almost half of the lyrics on Straight Outta Compton himself, he felt he was not getting a fair share of the money and profits. [18] He wasted little time putting together his solo debut, 1990s AmeriKKKas Most Wanted, but he avoided mentioning his former label mates. N. W. As title track from their 1990 EP 100 Miles and Runnin', however, included a diss of Ice Cube: We started with five, but yo / One couldnt take it—So now its four / Cuz the fifth couldnt make it. The video for the song depicted the remaining members of N. W. A together in a jail cell, while an Ice Cube look-alike is released. Also heard on the EP (which found its way on the Efil4zaggin CD re-issue) was Real Niggaz, a full-blown diss on Ice Cube where the remaining members accuse him of cowardice, and question his authenticity, longevity and originality: How the fuck you think a rapper lasts / With your ass sayin shit that was said in the past / Yo, be original, your shit is sloppy / Get off the dick, you motherfuckin carbon-copy, and We started out with too much cargo / So Im glad we got rid of Benedict Arnold, yo. The song 100 Miles and Runnin' was Dr. Dres final uptempo recording, which had been a common feature of late 1980s hip hop. After this, he focused on a midtempo, synthesizer based sound which would become known as G-funk, starting with Alwayz Into Somethin' from Efil4zaggin in 1991. The G-funk style dominated both the West and East Coast hip hop music scene for several years to come. N. W. A is referenced on Ice Cubes 1990 EP, Kill at Will, where he name-checks his former group (likely in a mocking manner) on the song Jackin For Beats. On I Gotta Say What Up!!! , Ice Cube gives shout-outs to his rap peers at the time, among them Public Enemy, the Geto Boys, and Sir Jinx. At the end of the track, in what appears to be an on-the-phone interview, Ice Cube is asked, Since you went solo, whatever happened to the rest of your crew? and the phone is abruptly hung up on the interviewer. The groups second full-length release, 1991s Efil4zaggin (Niggaz4Life spelled backwards), re-established the band in the face of Ice Cubes continued solo success. The album is considered by many Dr. Dres finest production work, and it heralded the beginning of the G-Funk era. It also showed a clear animosity towards their former member, and derogatory references to Ice Cube are found in several songs. The interlude A Message to B. A. echoes the beginning of his song Turn Off the Radio from AmeriKKKas Most Wanted: Ice Cube is first addressed by the name Benedict Arnold (after the infamous traitor of the American Revolution) but then named outright in a torrent of abuse from both the group and its fans: When we see yo ass, we gon cut yo hair off and fuck you with a broomstick. Think about it, punk muthafucka, spoken by MC Ren. The N. W. A–Ice Cube feud eventually escalated, both on record and in real life. AmeriKKKas Most Wanted had avoided direct attacks on N. W. A, but on Death Certificate, Ice Cubes second full-length release, he retaliated. He sampled and mocked the Message to B. A. skit before embarking on a full-blown tirade, the infamous No Vaseline. In a series of verses, Ice Cube verbally assaulted the group: You lookin like straight bozos / I saw it comin thats why I went solo / Kept on stompin / When yall Muthafuckas moved Straight outta Compton / You got jealous when I got my own company / But Im a man, and aint nobody humpin me. He also responded to members MC Ren, Dr. Dre, and Eazy-E individually to 100 Miles and Runnin', claiming I started off with too much cargo, dropped four niggaz / And now Im makin all the dough, using homophobic metaphors to describe their unequal business relationship with Jerry Heller, who became the target of harsh insults: Get rid of that devil real simple / Put a bullet to his temple / Cuz you cant be the Niggaz 4 Life crew / With a white Jew tellin you what to do. The song attracted controversy for its antisemitism (the beginning of such accusations against Ice Cube during his affiliation with the Nation of Islam), based on the bashing of Hellers religion;[19] The track was omitted from the UK release, and later pressings included a censored version of the song. In September 1990, members of hip hop act Above the Law clashed with Ice Cube and his posse Da Lench Mob during the annual New Music Seminar conference, forcing the latter to flee the premises of Times Squares Marriott Marquis, the venue of the event. [20] On January 27, 1991, Dr. Dre assaulted Dee Barnes, host of the hip hop show Pump It Up, after its coverage[21] of the N. W. A/Ice Cube beef. According to Rolling Stone reporter Alan Light: He picked her up and began slamming her face and the right side of her body repeatedly against a wall near the stairway as his bodyguard held off the crowd. After Dre tried to throw her down the stairs and failed, he began kicking her in the ribs and hands. She escaped and ran into the womens rest room. Dre followed her and grabbed her from behind by the hair and proceeded to punch her in the back of the head. [22] In response, Dre commented: People talk all this shit, but you know, if somebody fucks with me, Im gonna fuck with them. I just did it, you know. Aint nothing you can do now by talking about it. Besides, it aint no big thing—I just threw her through a door. [22]

Complete Comparison Charts SAT vs ACT

Complete Comparison Charts SAT vs ACT SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The SAT and the ACT are both hard pills to swallow, but one might be easier for you than the other. If you're still trying to decide which test to take, these charts will give you direct comparisons between them in terms of format, timing, and content. Then you can figure out which one sounds like the right fit for you! Part 1: Logistics First, the nuts and bolts - how many sections are there, how long does it take, and how many questions are there? Test Format SAT ACT Number of Total Sections 10 4 (5 if you take it with Writing) Types of Sections Critical Reading, Math, and Writing (plus one Experimental Section that doesn't count towards your score) English, Math, Reading, and Science (plus Writing if you take that version) Time per Section Critical Reading - two 25 minute sections, one 20 minute section Math - two 25 minute sections, one 20 minute section Writing - 25 minutes for the essay, one 25 minute section, one 10 minute section Experimental Section - 25 minutes English - 45 minutes Math - 60 minutes Reading - 35 minutes Science - 35 minutes Optional Writing - 40 minute essay Order of Sections Essay, 6 randomly ordered 25 minute sections, two 20 minute sections (Critical Reading and Math), and the 10 minute Writing section English, Math, Reading, Science, optional Writing Total Time 3 hours and 45 minutes 2 hours and 55 minutes without Writing, 3 hours and 35 minutes with Writing SAT Timing Section Time Per Question Critical Reading 54 seconds Math 67 seconds Writing 43 seconds ACT Timing Section Time Per Question English 36 seconds Math 60 seconds Reading 53 seconds Science 53 seconds Part 2: Content Next, we'll look at the meat of the tests - what skills are tested in each section, and what do you have to know? Reading SAT ACT Number of Questions 67 multiple choice 40 multiple choice Format 3 sections, each section has sentence completion questions and passage-based questions; passages may be long, short, or paired 1 section, 4 long passages (one may be a set of paired passages), 10 questions about each passage Subject Matter Passages are in an unpredictable order and may deal with a wide variety of subject matter Passages are always in the same order in terms of subject matter: Prose Fiction/Literary Narrative, Social Science, Humanities, and Natural Science Important Skills Vocabulary knowledge for sentence completion questions, skimming passages, reading comprehension, understanding confusingly worded questions Skimming passages, reading comprehension Math SAT ACT Number of Questions 44 multiple choice, 10 grid-in student response 60 multiple choice Format 3 sections 1 section Subject Matter Pre-algebra, algebra, geometry, data analysis and probability Same topics as the SAT with the addition of trigonometry, matrices, complex numbers, and conic sections (but trigonometry is the only one that comes up really frequently) Important Skills Using formulas correctly (given to you at the beginning of each math section), algebra and geometry Math stamina and speed (60 math questions in one long section!), formula memorization (no formulas are given to you on the ACT), algebra and geometry, trigonometry SAT Writing/ACT English SAT ACT Number of Questions 49 multiple choice 75 multiple choice Format 2 sections, editing individual sentences (not sentences in a passage) as well as some questions based on short passages (Improving Paragraphs questions) 1 section, questions asked alongside 5 long passages Subject Matter Punctuation, number agreement, parallel sentence structure, correct tense, diction and word choice, improving paragraph structure Same as SAT but with more questions on rearranging sentences and paragraphs in passages for the best organization of thoughts Important Skills Grammar knowledge, logical organization of ideas in smaller context Grammar knowledge, logical organization of ideas in smaller and larger context Science SAT ACT Number of Questions No science section!! 40 multiple choice Format N/A 1 section, 7 passages - 3 data representation, 3 research summaries, 1 conflicting viewpoints Subject Matter N/A Biology, Earth science, chemisty, physics, very basic math Important Skills N/A Interpreting and making predictions based on graphs and data trends, comparing scientific opinions, understanding and interpreting the design of experiments Essays SAT ACT Overall Score Impact The essay is mandatory and accounts for a third of your Writing subscore The essay is optional and will not affect your composite score in any way Timing 25 minutes at the beginning of the test 40 minutes at the end of the test Subject Matter Wide range of prompt topics, not directly related to high school experiences All prompts usually boil down to the core question of "What do you think about the way the world is changing?" What's Next? Now the million dollar question - how do you decide whether to take the SAT or the ACT? Read about whether the ACT is easier than the SAT for you. Take an SAT practice test and an ACT practice test to see if you score higher on one test than the other - this is most foolproof way to figure out which test you should take for real. Read this guide for advice on choosing test dates and then take a look at the SAT and ACT dates for the upcoming school year to start planning! Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Complete Comparison Charts SAT vs ACT

Complete Comparison Charts SAT vs ACT SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The SAT and the ACT are both hard pills to swallow, but one might be easier for you than the other. If you're still trying to decide which test to take, these charts will give you direct comparisons between them in terms of format, timing, and content. Then you can figure out which one sounds like the right fit for you! Part 1: Logistics First, the nuts and bolts - how many sections are there, how long does it take, and how many questions are there? Test Format SAT ACT Number of Total Sections 10 4 (5 if you take it with Writing) Types of Sections Critical Reading, Math, and Writing (plus one Experimental Section that doesn't count towards your score) English, Math, Reading, and Science (plus Writing if you take that version) Time per Section Critical Reading - two 25 minute sections, one 20 minute section Math - two 25 minute sections, one 20 minute section Writing - 25 minutes for the essay, one 25 minute section, one 10 minute section Experimental Section - 25 minutes English - 45 minutes Math - 60 minutes Reading - 35 minutes Science - 35 minutes Optional Writing - 40 minute essay Order of Sections Essay, 6 randomly ordered 25 minute sections, two 20 minute sections (Critical Reading and Math), and the 10 minute Writing section English, Math, Reading, Science, optional Writing Total Time 3 hours and 45 minutes 2 hours and 55 minutes without Writing, 3 hours and 35 minutes with Writing SAT Timing Section Time Per Question Critical Reading 54 seconds Math 67 seconds Writing 43 seconds ACT Timing Section Time Per Question English 36 seconds Math 60 seconds Reading 53 seconds Science 53 seconds Part 2: Content Next, we'll look at the meat of the tests - what skills are tested in each section, and what do you have to know? Reading SAT ACT Number of Questions 67 multiple choice 40 multiple choice Format 3 sections, each section has sentence completion questions and passage-based questions; passages may be long, short, or paired 1 section, 4 long passages (one may be a set of paired passages), 10 questions about each passage Subject Matter Passages are in an unpredictable order and may deal with a wide variety of subject matter Passages are always in the same order in terms of subject matter: Prose Fiction/Literary Narrative, Social Science, Humanities, and Natural Science Important Skills Vocabulary knowledge for sentence completion questions, skimming passages, reading comprehension, understanding confusingly worded questions Skimming passages, reading comprehension Math SAT ACT Number of Questions 44 multiple choice, 10 grid-in student response 60 multiple choice Format 3 sections 1 section Subject Matter Pre-algebra, algebra, geometry, data analysis and probability Same topics as the SAT with the addition of trigonometry, matrices, complex numbers, and conic sections (but trigonometry is the only one that comes up really frequently) Important Skills Using formulas correctly (given to you at the beginning of each math section), algebra and geometry Math stamina and speed (60 math questions in one long section!), formula memorization (no formulas are given to you on the ACT), algebra and geometry, trigonometry SAT Writing/ACT English SAT ACT Number of Questions 49 multiple choice 75 multiple choice Format 2 sections, editing individual sentences (not sentences in a passage) as well as some questions based on short passages (Improving Paragraphs questions) 1 section, questions asked alongside 5 long passages Subject Matter Punctuation, number agreement, parallel sentence structure, correct tense, diction and word choice, improving paragraph structure Same as SAT but with more questions on rearranging sentences and paragraphs in passages for the best organization of thoughts Important Skills Grammar knowledge, logical organization of ideas in smaller context Grammar knowledge, logical organization of ideas in smaller and larger context Science SAT ACT Number of Questions No science section!! 40 multiple choice Format N/A 1 section, 7 passages - 3 data representation, 3 research summaries, 1 conflicting viewpoints Subject Matter N/A Biology, Earth science, chemisty, physics, very basic math Important Skills N/A Interpreting and making predictions based on graphs and data trends, comparing scientific opinions, understanding and interpreting the design of experiments Essays SAT ACT Overall Score Impact The essay is mandatory and accounts for a third of your Writing subscore The essay is optional and will not affect your composite score in any way Timing 25 minutes at the beginning of the test 40 minutes at the end of the test Subject Matter Wide range of prompt topics, not directly related to high school experiences All prompts usually boil down to the core question of "What do you think about the way the world is changing?" What's Next? Now the million dollar question - how do you decide whether to take the SAT or the ACT? Read about whether the ACT is easier than the SAT for you. Take an SAT practice test and an ACT practice test to see if you score higher on one test than the other - this is most foolproof way to figure out which test you should take for real. Read this guide for advice on choosing test dates and then take a look at the SAT and ACT dates for the upcoming school year to start planning! Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

The economy today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The economy today - Essay Example In a closed economy, if the government raises its budget deficit in the short run, both prices and GDP will rise. In the new equilibrium the real income is unchanged but the nominal is higher. The demand for money, then, increases. This means that with a fixed money supply the interest rate will rise so reducing the investment. Thus, the new equilibrium has lower investment demand and lower national savings. This is known as the crowding-out effect. In the case of a large recessionary gap the crowding out effect is much less important because with the rise of GDP determined by the government the volume of private savings will increase and will finance the deficit. By reducing private investment, the crowding out effect implies that the stock of capital to pass on to the future generation will be smaller and smaller will be the output as well. This is the long-term burden of the debt. If government spending crowds out private investment and reduces the wealth of a country, deficits ar e not eliminated or reduced because of short term stabilization policy that reduces the deficit involving real costs today, in higher taxes and lower government services, in exchange for benefits in the future. Such exchange does not appeal to everyone. However, there is little evidence to back up the idea of government borrowing "crowds out" private borrowing and thus reduces private investment and increases interest rates. ... In the new equilibrium the real income is unchanged but the nominal is higher. The demand for money, then, increases. This means that with a fixed money supply the interest rate will rise so reducing the investment. Thus, the new equilibrium has lower investment demand and lower national savings. This is known as the crowding-out effect. In the case of a large recessionary gap the crowding out effect is much less important because with the rise of GDP determined by the government the volume of private savings will increase and will finance the deficit. By reducing private investment, the crowding out effect implies that the stock of capital to pass on to the future generation will be smaller and smaller will be the output as well. This is the long-term burden of the debt. If government spending crowds out private investment and reduces the wealth of a country, deficits are not eliminated or reduced because of short term stabilization policy that reduces the deficit involving real costs today, in higher taxes and lower government services, in exchange for benefits in the future. Such exchange does not appeal to everyone. However, there is little evidence to back up the idea of government borrowing "crowds out" private borrowing and thus reduces private investment and increases interest rates. This has not been the eff ect in Japan, and cannot be shown to be the effect of deficits in the United States. Private savings and investment are reduced by government expenditures--regardless of whether they are financed by government borrowing or by taxation. Either way the private individual is left with less money, and ultimately with fewer resources. The attempt to replace

ASSIGNMENT 5 PLAY Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

5 PLAY - Assignment Example Therefore I gather a few of my friends and decided to play cricket. The game is usually played with twenty two players with eleven players on both sides. We however made teams of four and it made it much more exciting. On the second play day I decided to play soccer. Due to the world cup fever small groups in our society regularly play soccer these days. I decided to become part of their training session. We tried a few free kicks and penalties. Answer: As mentioned the first play day was based on cricket. The teams were much smaller and there was no padding. Therefore the players were in a lighter mood altogether. In nature it is a very competitive game but due to a smaller number of players it became much friendlier. It really felt good hitting the ball over the top. There was no motivation to win or defeat our opponents. Most rules were made spontaneously along the way. On the second play date it was a training session and I was a rookie therefore there was no pressure. The other players applauded and laughed at my each short it was all fun. A couple of time the goal let my ball in willingly just to have a good laugh. Answer: To understand anything in life one has to be in their shoes. This is why I think learning to play is an important part of being a parent. Most parents force their children to spend extra time in study or work. I for once have felt the joy of the game and know that no amount of success in life can match the freedom of playing on the field. Answer: The responsibilities in life had a different perspective as I reflect now after my experience. There are no reasons that life can not fun. For example in a game you have to score a goal but you do it without worry or pressure. Similarly I think that one should not try to run away from the responsibilities of life but in fact learn to enjoy them. Answer: The play days really gave me mental freshness and agility. One back home I was eager to move from my couch and get work done. This shows

Natural Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Natural Law - Essay Example They are based on social advantage and the practical effects they make on the society and the community. The author claims that the beliefs and wishes that are held by the human kind or more specifically a human has some transcendental basis and by this a hint in the religious side of matter relies. The foundational sense of it all is arbitrary and that men cannot help themselves in feeling or understanding it. The necessity to survive is a great struggle and condition which involves eating and drinking. Without survival basis nothing makes sense in the world of humans and the habitat that they possess 1. As this suggests that laws are present for the benefit of the community and not a single individual but if categorized, they are then aimed for the benefit of the man, which is a part of the larger community. By â€Å"transcendental basis†, Holmes means that the religious values or other inner morals that the individual holds. In no way are the laws that are made constant but they rather keep changing with the society as per need. In reference to Homes view on the natural law and his take on the general idea, it seems that most of it is influenced by Social Darwinism and the social pragmatic values of the society which are more influenced by the society we live in. He asserts that laws are made and adapted according to the environment of man and are not dictated from generations to generations and this is a slow but gradual process of betterment. Holmes position in the paper is made clear that he believes in the changes of the environment as a trigger to implement or change the existing laws that are held by the mankind. The morality of every law and moral consciousness depends on the ideology held by the society or the individuals that shape up the society. Holmes justifies his position on a clear stance of moral consciousness and the

Length of Pelvetia Canaliculata on Upper Shore Zone

Length of Pelvetia Canaliculata on Upper Shore Zone ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to compare the length of Pelvetia canaliculata on the upper shore zone of both wave-sheltered and wave-exposed shores. The hypothesis was that the Pelvetia fronds growing on the upper shore zone of a wave-sheltered rocky shore will be significantly longer compared with fronds growing on the upper shore zone of a wave-exposed rocky shore. The lengths of 450 fronds in total were sampled using systematic continuous horizontal belt transect sampling method at a wave- exposed and wave-sheltered shores on the Pembrokeshire coast. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the lengths of the seaweed with longer fronds being found in the wave-sheltered rocky shore. This is happening because there is less wave exposure and so fronds are less likely to be broken off at the tips and hence they will be longer. INTRODUCTION Rocky shores are areas of bedrock exposed between the extreme high and extreme low tide levels on the seashore. The ecosystem is complex, as it is an interaction between terrestrial and aquatic systems. Plants and animals are distributed on the shore in horizontal zones that relate to the tolerance of the species to either exposure to air or submergence in water during the tidal cycle. This zonation can be very clear and abrupt. Using this fact, I have clearly identified the area Pelvetia canaliculata is found; the upper shore. [1]  ­I have researched this zone in more depth to be able to understand the conditions, the problems and the different variables that can affect Pelvetia canaliculata and the adaptations it developed to survive and thrive. As the tide level drops on the upper shore, the seaweed will be exposed to air and desiccation (drying out) occurs as a result. Because the tide rises up and down twice a day organisms at the top of the shore get much less water than ones at the bottom. Across a year, the top of the upper zone gets covered by the sea for less than 1% of the year while The bottom of it for about 20% of the year. This is very short time to obtain nutrients from the water for photosynthesis, and can therefore slow growth rate. However, this is not the only problem as the water filters off some of the wavelengths of light and reduce its intensity and so lowering photosynthesis rate. In addition, the water is the main medium where dispersal of spores happens; spending less time in the water means low productivity. [2] Species on the Upper shore get subjected to a wide variation in temperature. Immersion in water buffers against temperature change due to the high specific heat capacity of water. Upper shore species will have to tolerate the greatest variation in temperature whilst it has least effect in the lower shore. High temperatures will increase the risk of desiccation and increases salinity in pools. [3] The other major physical factor that controls what can live on a shore is wave action. Exposed shores have a lot of wave action and sheltered shores have little. Seaweeds find the drier, brighter, wave exposed environment very difficult to cope with. Sheltered shores [4] Exposed shores [4] Usually face away from the open sea and the prevailing wind. This means they generally have smaller waves than exposed shores which face out into the open sea and the prevailing wind. Sheltered shores are usually on north to north easterly facing shores. North facing sheltered shores get less sunlight than exposed ones, and are less susceptible to desiccation and in general are more hospitable places for inter-tidal organisms. Usually face into the open sea and the prevailing wind. This means they generally have bigger waves than sheltered shores. Exposed shores are usually on south to south westerly facing shores. South to south westerly facing exposed shores get more sunlight than sheltered ones, are more susceptible to desiccation and in general are not hospitable places for most inter-tidal organisms. Now that I explained the features of the upper shore zone and the exposed and sheltered shores I will describe the features and the different adaptations that enabled Pelvetia canaliculata to live in such a habitat and constantly changing environment. Taxon English equivalent or translation [3] Phylum Chromophycota /Brown seaweeds e.g. kelps wracks Class Phaeophyceae /Brown seaweeds e.g. kelps wracks Order Fucales/ Fucoids e.g. wracks Family Fucaceae Genus Pelvetia Species canaliculata Pelvetia canaliculata is dark olive green in colour, becoming black and brittle as the fronds dry out. P.canaliculata lives for about 4 years and grows up to 150 mm long [3]. The fronds are curled longitudinally forming channels that are dichotomously branched ending in swollen and granular reproductive bodies. They dont have air bladders or mid-ribs. Pelvetia canaliculata [3]Pelvetia canaliculata grows attached to hard substrata using their holdfast; this has the mechanical features of a root system that would be beneficial for the seaweed, holding them steady no matter how turbulent the water movement. It tolerates ultra sheltered to moderately exposed conditions. The algae P.canaliculata is limited from living higher on the shore by desiccation, but is prevented from colonizing lower levels by competition from other species of algae. Seaweeds also have to cope with grazing pressure from mobile gastropods. [5] Over the period of neap tides, the plants may lose up to 65 per cent of their contained water and become dry and blackened. But when the spring tides extend over them, water is absorbed and the normal olive-green colour and softer texture are regained. It has been estimated that the upper shore plants are exposed for 90% of the year. [6] In water, seaweed obtain the carbon they need for photosynthesis from dissolved co2 or bicarbonate (HCO3-). When exposed to air, photosynthesis can only take place with uptake of CO2 from air. As long as the seaweeds do not dry out, many species photosynthesize in air at rates similar to those measured when they are fully submerged. However, as they begin to dry out, their ability to photosynthesize diminishes. Pelvetia canaliculata is found high on the shores and is prone to drying out for long periods of time. The species can photosynthesise when exposed to air but may suffer nutrient stress as it can only obtain nutrients when submerged. Researche rs found that within less than a day of being back in seawater, as specimen that had been desiccated for 6 days was able to resume full rates of photosynthesis. In fact P.Canaliculata requires periods of exposure to the air. If it is submerged for more than 6 hours out of 12 it actually starts to decay. This is a rare example of a seaweed species in which periods out of water are absolutely essential. [7] An increase in wave exposure and water flow rate may cause Pelvetia canaliculata to be torn off the substratum or the substratum with plants attached may be mobilised. It is unlikely that any Pelvetia canaliculata will live in areas of very high wave exposure. In faster moving water the risk of the fronds tearing will increase because of the increased drag. Hence Pelvetia canaliculata adapts its shape to reduce drag depending on their location. Pelvetia fronds growing on wave-exposed shores are shorter and thinner because the fronds are frequently broken off at the tip. Pelvetia canaliculata has many adaptations that allow it to survive better in the upper shore compared to algae living down. They have; rolled fronds to reduce water loss in evaporation, channels to trap water in the frond, a fatty (oily) layer over the cell that stops water evaporating to slow desiccation, a thick cell wall which shrinks with drying, the ability to survive low nutrient level, a rapid recovery of metabolism when the tide returns during respiration and photosynthesis. It is therefore, a very stress-tolerant alga, well adapted to the niche at the top of the shore. [2] Based on the information I researched in the introduction I will investigate and compare the adaptations of Pelvetia canaliculata on two different sites where the conditions are different. I will compare the lengths of the fronds of Pelvetia canaliculata on a wave-sheltered rocky shore and a wave-exposed rocky shore. EXPERIMENTAL HYPOTHESIS: There will be a statistically significant difference between the length of the Pelvetia canaliculata growing on the upper shore zone of both a wave-exposed and a wave-sheltered rocky shore; and that its fronds are going to be on average longer in the wave-sheltered shore compared with the wave-exposed rocky shore as there is less wave exposure and so fronds are less likely to be broken off at the tips and hence they will be longer. NULL HYPOTHESIS: There will be no statistically significant difference between the length of the Pelvetia canaliculata growing on the upper shore zone of both a wave-sheltered and wave-exposed rocky shores .Any difference however, will be due to chance factors. VARIABLES: The table below lists and briefly explains the variables that could affect the reliability of the investigation and how they will be controlled. Exposure (independent) An exposed shore means larger fetch hence greater wave action which leads to the damage of the Pelvetia canaliculata fronds I will be carrying out the investigation in areas classified by the Ballantines biologically defined exposure scale to be wave-sheltered and wave-exposed. For the wave-sheltered shore I will collect my data at Angle Point site, SM 875 033 which is a wave sheltered rocky shore inside the Milford Haven estuary, Angle Point is 12km north-west of Pembroke. Facing north-east, the shore is sheltered from the prevailing south-westerly winds and has a small fetch. The Ballantines biologically defined exposure scale classifies this site as Grade7- very sheltered. For the wave-exposed shore I will collect my data at West Angle Bay, SM 852 032 which is a wave exposed rocky shore on the Atlantic coast of Pembrokeshire and lies 14km north-west of Pembroke. Facing south the shore has a large fetch (to south America). The Ballantines biologically defined exposure scale classifies this site as Grade3- exposed. Length of Pelvetia canaliculata (dependent) There are some variables that would affect the growth rate of the fronds and therefore its length. Some of these variables include The height on shore, wave action, and the abiotic and biotic factors. All the effects of these variables are explained below. I will be measuring all my samples on both shores in mm using the same 30 cm ruler. The height on shore From my research I know that Pelvetia canaliculata only colonises the upper shore zone. However, the abiotic factors will affect the different zones on the upper shore differently for example the effect of wave action on the lower part of the upper shore zone is different than that on the higher part of the upper shore zone. Also the water coverage in the lower part of the upper shore is 19% more than the higher part. Hence, there will be more nutrition uptake, resulting in different growth rates. I will be measuring both samples on both shores horizontally across the upper shore zone using horizontal continuous belt transect technique. To ensure that Im working on the same height I will be using a cross staff. Wave action The strong force produced by the powerful wave action will decrease the fronds growth rate. The fronds will adapt by becoming shorter so that the drag force is lessened. I cannot control any of the abiotic factors but I will measure them to see if they have any affect on the samples I will be measuring on the two different sites. However, I will take both my samples on the same periods of the day, on the same season and on the same shore area Humidity Wind spray increases the humidity, this will be higher on the wave-exposed because of the greater and higher wave action Light intensity Needed for photosynthesis. Although the Pelvetia canaliculata requires to be immersed in seawater for this to occur, the process still takes place slowly in air. Wind speed Wind increases the rate of transpiration as it moves the layer of water out side the stomata, which contributes towards the desiccation of the fronds. Rock gradient The steeper the rock the harder the wave will hit it causing greater damage for the fronds. Also a flatter shore will expose a greater area of substrate for colonizing and will not drain as fast as a steeper slope. Aspect It is the direction the rock faces. South facing shores will have more illumination and warmth, but dries faster; north facing shores are cooler, darker and less likely to dry out. Thus, on a north facing slope community bands of Pelvetia canaliculata will be wider and higher up the shore. Substrate or rock type The hardness and size of rocks will influence an organisms ability to attach itself. Soft rocks will not be suitable for hold fast to attach on. If stones are too small they will be mobile, moving around in the surf and so prevent any organism from attaching itself to the rock. The type of rocks on both sites should be the same. Apparatus and  Justification 30 cm ruler To measure the length of the frond on the Pelvetia canaliculata. From my research I found that the fronds average height is 15 cm, hence I chose 30 cm ruler. 1/4m quadrat I think that this is a suitable size to measure a sample of small organism, as it will include an appropriate number of Pelvetia bunches. The quadrat will be used to carry out the continuous horizontal belt transect. 0.6m Cross staff To make sure that all the data collected on both sites are gathered at the same height, so ensuring a fair test. Pencil To record the data with. Its useful incase it rains, my data will be safe and the values will not get lost Calculator To keep calculating the running mean Water proofs For safety reasons and for protection from wind chill and spray. The Wellingtons boots to avoid slipping and falling. Gloves To protect hands from the mucus layer on the Pelvetia canaliculata To calculate the height of the data collecting area the time of the low tide and its height is needed: On Monday 25/09/06 the low tide is 1.1m at 14:42; and on Tuesday 26/09/06 the low tide is 1.28m at 15:10. ETHICAL CONSIDERSTION: Consideration has to be given to the organisms living on the shore; so the seaweed will be measured where it lies without cutting or destroying the living specimens. Care will also be taken to move around the shore without stepping on delicate sea life such as snails and crabs. Also if any animals living on the seaweed like snails are removed so that the seaweed could be measured ensure that they are released close to their point of capture and in a manner that will give them a good chance of survival. Finally ensure that you know the local regulations concerning the protection of habitats and endangered species and always obtain the consent of licensing authorities, landowners, etc. PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION: Preliminary work was done as a group to learn about the different shore zones as well as the different species that are found in each zone and the adaptation they developed to survive at extreme conditions like desiccation for instance. Also before carrying out the full investigation a pilot study was conducted on any random 10 Pelvetia bunches to find out the best way to measure their length and to determine which branch of the frond to use when measuring. From the preliminary investigation I found out that I would be measuring the longest branch of the longest frond of each pelvetia bunch. I will also be placing the end of the ruler on the ground where the Pelvetias hold fast is found. Finally, Ill also make sure to keep it vertical all time to ensure a fair test. [Figure 3] First of all, check the time of the day when the low tide occurs and its height above chart datum. The help of a friend who has the same height as you is needed for this part in the method. At the time of the low tide, stand at the lowest part of the lower shore where the tide is at its lowest and place the cross staff on the ground in a way that you are facing one of its sides and the other side is facing the upper shore direction where the Pelvetia canaliculata grow (data collecting area) [figure 1]. Lower your body so that your eyes are level with the opening in the cross staff. On the mirror observe the reflection of the small tube that is filled with coloured liquid which contains a small bubble and two marked lines in the middle of the tube. [Figure 2] Supporting the body of the cross staff with one hand and moving the flexible plastic part up and down, adjust the position of the bubble so it stays still between the two marked lines on the tube. Instruct and direct y our friend to move around until you can see her/his boot through the opening in the cross staff. Ensure that she/he does not walk backwards as the shore is very slippery because of the mucus on the algae and the small pebbles and rocks makes it very easy to fall down. When you are able to see the boot, ask your friend to stop and not move from that point. Now stand up and walk up to your friend with your cross staff. Place the cross staff on their boot position, after she/he move their boot. This is the new spot. Repeat the above procedure until you reach the upper part of the upper shore where Pelvetia canaliculata grows (data collecting area). [Figure 3] Every time you move up with the cross staff to a new spot, you are gaining 0.6 m in height. Keep recording and adding the height gain every time you changed to a new spot. At the end add the total height gain in meters to the height of the low tide; the result will be the height of the data collecting area. When you reach the upper shore where the Pelvetia canaliculata is, place the 1/4m quadrat on the first area where they are seen. To avoid bias start measuring to the nearest mm the length of the longest frond of each bunch found within the whole quadrat starting from the right hand side and then moving across to avoid measuring the same bunch more than once. [Figure 4] The Pelvetia canaliculata fronds grow in bunches where each bunch is attached by one holdfast to a rock. The fronds lay on top of each other in the sea direction. So when you start measuring, position yourself on the opposite direction to the Pelvetias. [Figure 5] After putting your gloves on, start by gently gathering a bunch of Pelvetia canaliculata up right; make sure that all the fronds in this bunch spring from the same hold fast. Also as a control make sure that the bunch is attached to a substrate and not in a rock pool. Keep your face at distance as there will be small flying organisms and always try to minimis e the disturbance to other organisms that live there as much as possible. Now slide the hand that is holding the Pelvetia bunch up, so that all the fronds are laid up against each other. [Figure 6] Now it is easy to determine the longest frond; with the free hand, hold the tip of the longest frond and leave the rest of the fronds to fall down towards you or in the opposite direction of the sea, so that you do not measure this bunch again. Still holding up the longest frond, line up the 30 cm ruler against the frond with the free hand. Make sure that the ruler is parallel to the frond with the 0 mm edge resting flat on the rock to ensure correct and accurate measurement. [Figure 7] The ruler used should be plastic with a smooth base and not metal so it does not cut through the fragile fronds or get rusty, it is also easier to read off measurements as it is see through. Now read the length of the frond and record it to the nearest mm in the prepared recording table. Place the results and the calculator inside a plastic bag incase of a bad weather. Place the frond with the rest of the bunch in your direction Do not include pieces of debris, or any seaweed merely unattached to a rock in the investigation as this will lead to misleading results. Also do not measure dead fronds as they will cause anomalies in your data. These fronds are usually desiccated and very brittle; their colour is black instead of the olive green. Ask a teacher or an expert to confirm. Measure all the Pelvetia canaliculata on the sides of the rocks and all the ones that have their hold fast within the quadrat even if all or some of the fronds are outside, as the quadrat frame is relatively thick so it might cover some of the Pelvetia canaliculata fronds. Rock pools provide artificial environments, and so do not included these areas in the investigation. After you finish measuring all the Pelvetia bunches within the first quadrat, flip it to start on a new one. This is systematic continuous horizontal belt transect sampling. When flipping the quadrat use your hand to secure the right/left hand side of the frame-depending on where more of the Pelvetia is found- and then flip the left hand side of it so it becomes the right hand side now. [Figure 8] Every time you record 5 new measurements, calculate the running mean to see if the sample size is large enough. When you get at least three consecutive running mean values which are the same to 2 decimal places, calculate  ± 2.5% value of the repeated value and then double the sample number. If the running mean continues within the range until the last required sample then stop. However, if it goes outside the confidence limits calculate a new range. Abiotic factors method: Wind speed measured using an anemometer: Hold it facing the wind. Wait for 20 seconds until the reading stabilises. Record the average measurement in m/sec. Humidity measured using a whirling hygrometer: whirl the hygrometer for 20 seconds. Record the temperature of both the wet and dry thermometer. Use the chart to work out the humidity percentage. Temperature measured using a thermometer: record the temperature of the dry thermometer when using the whirling hygrometer. The statistical test I will be using the z-test to test for statistically significant difference between the sample mean and the population mean for both the wave-sheltered and wave-exposed sets of data. The reason this test is used and not the t-test is because my sample exceeded 30 data points. Z= (S1)2 + (S2)2 a) Square both standard deviation Wave-Sheltered Wave-exposed 24.48 ² =599.2704 14.99 ² =224.7001 b) Divide each answer by n=225 599.2704 à · 225 = 2.66342 224.7001 à · 225 =0.998667111 c) add both values obtained from step (b) 2.66342 + 0.998667111 =3.662091111 d) square root result obtained from step (c) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ 3.662091111 =1.91365909 e) |à Ã‚ ¥1 à Ã‚ ¥2| Mean of site 1 mean of site 2 104.06 35.71 = 68.35 f) divide result obtained from step (e) by result obtained from step (d) 68.35 à · 1.91365909 z= 35.72 z= 35.72 When Degrees of freedom = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾: Level of significance P= 0.05, the Critical value =1.960 Z > critical value 35.72>1.960 The reason p=0.05 was used is because it is the standard level of significance used to justify a claim of a statistically significant effect. In the curve of normal distribution of a normal population Alpha level is 95% and this is normal, outside of that is 1-alpha or 5%. This 5% (0.05) means, that normal falls within this range, beyond that, would be too rare to be by chance alone and must be by the effect of something wave action for example. A p value As my results were significant at p Level of significance P= 0.01, the Critical value =2.576 Z > critical value 35.72>2.576 The z value obtained is significantly greater than the critical value at the p Graphs are presented in the next couple of pages. ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION: The results tables and the graph comparing the mean length of Pelvetia canaliculata between the wave-sheltered and the wave-exposed shores clearly display evidence supporting the hypothesis. Looking at the mean graph I could evidently see that the sheltered shore has a higher mean than the exposed shore; more than 2.9 times higher to be exact. This is because in faster moving, turbulent water and strong wave action like in the wave-exposed shore, the risk of tearing fronds is increased due to the increase in dragging force. Pelvetia canaliculata adapt its shape to reduce drag depending on its location. Fronds found at wave exposed shores are shorter and narrower as they are frequently broken off at the tips. The error bars for both shores are fairly large which indicates that there is quite a lot of variation in the results and so reduces the reliability of the data. Similarly the difference between the standard deviation of both sets of data is rather large, with 24.48mm for the sheltered shore and 14.99mm for the exposed shore. Even though this shows a great range in my data hence more variability and less reliability, still as it applies to both data sets, making comparisons should be safe. The frequency histograms for both shores shows that the data collected at the wave-sheltered site is more varied than the exposed site as it is spread over 13 categories as opposed to only 9 for the exposed shore. The frequency histogram for the sheltered shore shows a bell curve pattern, displaying a normal distribution with the peak at the 80.00-89.99mm category. On the other hand the wave-exposed histogram displays a positive skew as most of the data is lying to the right hand side with the most common length of Pelvetia is within the classes 20.00-29.99mm. The skew could have occurred because I found great difficulty measuring the very small frond of Pelvetia growing on the wave-exposed shore, and so not including them in the results. Also an increase in water flow rate cause plants to be torn off the substratum or the substratum with the plants attached may be mobilised and so washing away the young Pelvetia plants. Pelvetia canaliculata is permanently attached to the substratum so once removed it cannot re-form an attachment. I think that these factors together helped create this gap in the histogram. The peaks of both histograms are very far apart. This shows that there is a significant difference between the lengths of Pelvetia canaliculata on both sites. This has even been proven further by the ÃŽtest, which showed 99% significance. However, there is quite an overlap between the two curves. This overlap is between 40.00-99.99 mm categories. This overlap could be explained by the similarity in the abiotic factors between the two sites. Also the exposed shore received more sunlight than the sheltered one, which was shaded by a cliff; this means that the Pelvetia canaliculata on the exposed shore were able to photosynthesis more. These factors could have enabled some fronds to have a faster growth rate than others and so became longer. Or it could be that on the exposed shore the wave action is greater and so spray will splash higher up the beach than on a sheltered shore with fewer waves and so this will provide more nutrients for the fronds to grow longer during some exposed p eriods. Although a bell curve pattern is recognised on the wave-sheltered site there are three identified anomalies. Firstly, the frequency of the histogram at category 90.00-99.99 mm would be expected to be lower than that of category 100.00-109.99 mm but at the same time higher than the frequency of 80.00-89.99 mm. One explanation for this anomaly could be due to smothering. If smothering took place when the plant was emersed the whole of the plant would be buried under the sediment preventing photosynthesis that is taking place very slowly in the first place. If smothering however happened while the plant was immersed, some of the fronds may escape smothering and be able to continue photosynthesis. This will still lower the growth rate and so fronds length. Another explanation is that within the same quadrat I measured the Pelvetia canaliculata that grew on both sides of the rock. It is expected that the length of the Pelvetia fronds growing on the side of the rock facing the direct waves action to be shorter than the other landward facing side. This is because the initial force exerted by the wave will be absorbed by the Pelvetia fronds growing on the sea-facing side of the rock; this will cause the fronds to be frequently broken off at the tips and so will make them shorter. On the other hand, the sheltered side of the rock is only getting wave force that has been weakened by the seaward facing side of the rock and so the fronds length will not be affected as much. To control this in future I will restrict myself to measuring the length of the Pelvetia fronds on only one side of the rock(sea/landward facing) to get fairer results. Another reason to explain the anomalies displayed on the histogram could be that the swollen reproductive fruiting bodies on some of the Pelvetia canaliculata added a few mm to the length. On the other hand it could be explained by intraspecific competition. The fronds in the 110.00-119.99 mm category could be shading and preventing the sunlight from reaching the fronds in the categories below it as they are longer; this means that less photosynthesis is taking place and hence slow growth rate and shorter fronds, in other words they will be out competed for light. The two measurements recorded at 160.00-169.99 mm could be an exception of over growth or mutation as from research Pelvetia is expected to grow no more than 150mm in length. On the other hand, this anomaly could also indicate that there might have been some errors happening while taking measurements. Even though I couldnt measure the sunlight intensity received by the Pelvetia canaliculata on both shores as the equipment required werent working, I observed that the wave-exposed shore received more sunlight then the sheltered one. This is because the wave-exposed shore has a southern aspect. However this slight difference in the light intensity received by the chlorophyll on the different shores can affect the growth rate; light is also an important factor in allowing good settlement of spores by stimulating the growth of rhizoids which anchor the young plant to the rock. This is reflected on the data collected from the wave-exposed showing the overlap with the wave-sheltered shores data. The humidity measured on both sites is quite similar with the wave-sheltered shore being very slightly more humid. This difference in humidity was only expected on the wave-exposed shore due to the wave action being greater and so spray will splash higher up adding to the air humidity than on the sheltered shore with much fewer, weaker waves. The explanation that I find convincing and convenient for the increased humidity on the wave-shelt